The spiny balls are the seed pods. The spines are soft and flexible while growing, but when mature, dry up and become hard. As the pods dry on the plant, they will eventually split open and expell the seeds several feet.
The round(ish) pods have three carpals (and three seeds). They aren't a true bean at all, member of a different family. Just called bean as the seed is somewhat similar in appearance.
What you are collecting locally is probably not a true castor bean if it has pods that look like beans or peas. Hard to tell with the way regional names develop.
They are a short lived perennial in warm climates, but are grown as annuals here. In fact, these are all volunteers from last year's plants. In warm climates, they can get to 40 ft tall after. several years growth.
Here is an article from Wisconsin Extension with some pictures and descriptions of the plants.
Looking to add drama to your landscape? Castor bean is a fast-growing tender perennial with huge leaves that can be used as a seasonal annual in cooler climates. Choose from a number of varieties of this East African native selected for their ornamental value to make a bold statement in your...
hort.extension.wisc.edu